Cultural Identity Is The Belonging Of An Individual

Cultural identity is the belonging of an individual to a group. According to the iceberg model of culture, this group typically shares the same behaviors, beliefs, and values and thought patterns. As someone whose response to the question â€Å"where are you from?† sounds more like strained sounds than actual words, I have struggled tremendously with determining the cultural identities that construct my identity. I often feel more like a cultural chameleon than an individual possessing cultural identities, the constant change from one culture to the next leaving me feeling bereft of my own. However, upon deeper reflection, I have come to realize that it is my identity that is fluid, as prescribed in the critical perspective of identity, and is in constant development, as prescribed in the interpretive perspective of identity. While my identity is adaptable and evolving, I do possess certain cultural identities. These cultural identities come in great variety, from my national identity as an American to my racial identity as a white person. As I grow, however, I have found that it is my cultural identifications of being a female, survivor, and Nomadic Culture Kid that are most salient and influential in my identity development. Of the numerous cultural identities that I have developed, one of the most immediate cultural identities was my gender identity as a female. While certain external cultural notions were prescribed to me the moment I was born, the most influentialShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Hunchback Of Notre Dame 950 Words   |  4 PagesAn individual’s relation with others often impacts their sense of belonging to themselves. However, the complex nature of belonging presents further obstacles to connecting to one’s environment. This is illustrated through Peter Skrzynecki’s ‘Immigrant Chronicles’, in which he depicts the complications of belonging through his personal experiences. In addition, Victo r Hugo’s ‘The Hunchback of Notre Dame’ also represents the intricacy of connecting to others through the protagonist, Quasimodo. EssentuallyRead MoreThe Current Challenges of Cultural Identity Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesCultural identity refers to the feeling belonging to a certain culture that is attributed to the upbringing of an individual in the given culture. Cultural identity gives a person the sense of belonging and belonging towards their culture. Modern cultural studies show that cultural identification has taken a new face. Various cultural identifiers can be used to identify the culture of an individual. These identifiers include nationality, language, location, gender, religious beliefs, history, andRead MoreBelonging - Peter Skryznecki Mean Girls1180 Words   |  5 PagesBelonging is not always a good thing. What disadvantages are there for individuals and society in belonging? Refer to set text and one other related text. Belonging in some instances can not be beneficial for ones wellbeing. Negative consequences may arise from the way in which one develops belonging. Barriers to belonging can be imposed or voluntarily constructed, and allowing one to distort the barriers can affect the way one belongs to people, places, groups or the larger world. Peter Skryznecki’sRead MoreA Sense of Belonging Comes from Having Connections with People and Places859 Words   |  4 PagesA sense of belonging is an essential part of every individuals life. A sense of belonging can be created from having connections with people and places within a personal, cultural, historical and social context. The choice of where to belong and who to belong with changes peoples sense of belonging as time passes. The Poetry of Peter Skrzyneckis Immigrant Chronicle and Carson McCullerss novel , The member of the wedding demonstrates how a sense of belonging comes from having connectionsRead MoreThird Culture Kids ( Tck )787 Words   |  4 Pageschanged over time (Fail, Thompson, Walker, 2004). Pollock (2010) defines third culture kids as â€Å"individuals who, having spent a significant part of the developmental years in a culture other than the parents’ culture, develops a sense of relationship to all of the cultures while not having full ownership in any. Elements from each culture are incorporated into the life experience, but the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of similar experience† (Pollock Van Reken, 2010). Pollock explainsRead MoreIdentity And Cultural Identity1158 Words   |  5 PagesAn individual may not have a preference or choice they’re automatically born into their cultural identity by naturally acquiring their language, accustoms, and/or taught other cultural fundamentals. This may reflect different ways or aspects of how importance five-factor models of personality, language, or learned gestures may play a role in a family or their culture based on the majority and minority which speaks also as a method of communication. Understanding there’s another way identity labelingRead MoreExploring Canada s Ethnocultural Diversity And The General Population Essay1261 Words   |  6 Pagesspecifically comparing the health-seeking behaviour and care use behaviour of Canadia n residents of SSA origin with the rest of the populace. Additionally, the proposed research seeks to critically examine geographical, economic, biological, socio-cultural and prevailing health policy on CAM, and how these broader factors contribute to the less use of CAM among the elderly as compared to the younger people. These two broader aims are the gaps in CAM research both in Canada and other western countriesRead MoreCultural Identity In Deaf Culture1444 Words   |  6 PagesAn individual may not have a preference or choice they’re automatically born into their cultural identity by naturally acquiring their language, accustoms, and/or taught other cultural fundamentals. This may reflect different ways or aspects of how importance five-factor models of personality, language, or learned gestures may play a role in a family or their culture based on the majority and minority which speaks also as a method of communication. Understanding there’s another way identit y labelingRead MoreBelonging - Swallow the Air Essays1047 Words   |  5 Pagesand the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging.’ BY joseph king When an individual’s sense of identity is corrupted through prejudicial attitudes they are left exposed and vulnerable allowing a sense of isolation and displacement in society. An individual’s ability to promote change within is largely influenced by the hardships they experience in their struggle to conform and the connectedness of identity that stems from acceptance. Tara June Winch’s novel Swallow theRead MoreEthnic Unbonding in South Africa1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthe gradual withdrawal certain African-Americans are undergoing, so that they no longer are a member of their initial ethnic group. ‘Ethnic unbonding’ is a process where individuals remove themselves from their ethnic groups, because they are either ashamed or humiliated to be associated as part of a stigmatized ethnic identity. â€Å"So, race matters a lot. But, at the same time, the class divide among blacks has created such fundamentally different living conditions that there is growing hostility among

Essay on Computer Hardware Engineering - 1442 Words

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. As Arthur C. Clark, a British inventor, puts it, technology has been constantly improving and the latest advancements have become astonishingly powerful. Computer hardware engineering is the designing, building, and testing of computer hardware and computer systems. Computer hardware engineers acquire a persistent and detail- oriented nature. Through their work, computer hardware engineers get a wide range of opportunity, but they are also loaded with seemingly endless work on their hands. Ultimately, computer hardware engineering provides a cause for innovative thinkers and creative designers, labeling it as a job worth pursuing. Computer history goes back to the†¦show more content†¦Input devices include keyboards, scanners, and video cameras (Computer Hardware Fergusons Career Guidance Center). Output devices, such as a monitor or screen, allow users to access and change data and information. (Computer Hardware). Communications devices, such as modems, enable computers to connect to other systems via cables or telephone lines (Computer Hardware). Before designing a new computer project, computer hardware engineers must analyze current market trends and their clients expectations to determine the new products specifications, by means of technology and design. Computer hardware engineers hold a variety of responsibilities within their job, so their daily work requires hard work and commitment. The daily life of a computer hardware engineer is long and tough. Engineers may begin their day with a meeting with their team, either discussing progress on a current project or taking a look at market trend to determine their next project. These meetings usually range between one hour to two hours, and people who attend may be required to take notes. After the meeting, each engineer returns to his or her individual office and works toward finishing their individual tasks. Individually, compu ter hardware engineers may diagnose and troubleshoot failed media and solid state storage devices and modify hardware to either enable forensic analysis of the media or to change the functionality of the hardware for other purposes. Then, computer hardwareShow MoreRelatedComputer Hardware Engineering1185 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Hardware Engineering Computer hardware engineers research, develop, and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices, and many more (Bureau of Labor Statistics). They design new computer hardware, create blueprints of computer equipment to be built. Test the completed models of the computer hardware that they design. Update existing equipment so that it will work will new software. Oversee the manufacturing process for the computer hardware. MaintainRead MoreComputer Hardware Engineering : The Advancement Of Technology1246 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Hardware Engineering The advancement in technology has made an evolution in the world today. Everything people use now is because of the advancement of technology. The social media used now and all of the jobs are based around today’s technology. Technology has changed the work industry in everything from textile making, to computer chips. The machines and all of the tools used we designed and made with technology. Computer engineers are working every day to make technology better. ComputerRead MoreA Future in Computer Hardware Engineering Essay examples922 Words   |  4 PagesA Future in Computer Hardware Engineering Computer Hardware Engineering is something that sparked my interest when I was younger. I was very young when I was first introduced to computers and consoles and such. It mainly started when I was very young and my older brother showed me video games, on systems like the Gameboy. The Gameboy was basically how I started to become interested in video games, and after the handhelds I began to play on consoles. Then in the past couple of years I startedRead MoreWhat It Takes to Become a Computer Engineer Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays people enjoy high tech computers, smart phones and all sorts of gadgets. But before people can enjoy them someone has to create the program to run the device. That’s were computer engineers come in. The field itself branches off into many fields including cybersecurity, networking, computer software, computer hardware. They have the difficult task of designing the body and mind of the computer. Computer engineering is an ever-growing field that makes computers smaller, faster, and more efficientRead MoreCareer Paper: Computer Hardware Engineer1830 Words   |  7 Pagesare out there today. Computer engineering is a job that is constantly leading to the development of new technology, which is always changing as the years go. by (â€Å"Electrical† para. 1). Computer hardware engineers much research, design, develop, and test computer systems (â€Å"Computer†... U.S. para. 1). Also, they could improve processes, circuit boards, memory devices, networks, and routers (â€Å"Computer†... U.S. para. 1). The skills that are needed to be a computer hardware engineer are complex problemRead MoreThe Field Of Computer Engineering1347 Words   |  6 Pagesacronym for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) are attractive for many prospective students. My own personal interest lies in the field of computer engineering, which is categorized as a STEM career and reaps the benefits of such a classification. The field of computer engineering requires relatively modest education, but still rewards employees with a comfortable life, numerous benefits, and personal fulfillment. The qualifications of working as a computer engineer are relatively modestRead MoreBehind The Scenes Of Technology1463 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s age, most people have a smartphone or a tablet or a laptop or maybe a computer, but do they know how their phone or computer actually works? To most people, you just type away or press a button and then it magically does whatever you want it to do. However, there is more going on in a computer or a phone than just the simplicity of pressing a button. Better yet, who actually makes all this stuff? Who makes a computer or phone? Who designs these things? Who engineers all these technological appliancesRead MoreComputer Engineering : A Very Time Consuming Job1221 Words   |  5 PagesComputer Engineering is a very time consuming job. With taking most of your time computers and staying late rather than being home. When seeking a career as a computer engineer, a person should really take into consideration the knowledgeable skills, im mense responsibility, and the adaptation of constant improvement of technology, and the best institution for this training is Texas AM, College Station. Computer engineers provide information and data processing for certain computer firms and organizationsRead MoreComputer Engineering : Becoming A Computer Engineer1386 Words   |  6 PagesComputer Engineering Computer engineering is a very extensive, challenging career. To become a computer engineer you need years of experience and college education. Many people think this career is easy and good paying, but is not that easy, excessive amount of knowledge is needed to become a top class engineer in this field, but that doesn’t mean it is an impossible task. One must understand that computer engineering is a challenge since before one begins studying it. With that kept in mind anRead MoreArticle Review : Security Rule Checking Of Ic Design1194 Words   |  5 Pagespublished in the journal Computers in August 2016. This memo will focus on the readability, writing qualities, and scientific methodologies. About Journal Computers is an annual journal that publishes by IEEE Computer Society. It is peer reviewed journal that can be found online and hardcopy. Most of the articles which were written by computer researchers were about all stuff about computer such as hardware, software, new applications, etc. The target audiences are computer scientists, engineers,

Discuss the Timeless Quality of Shakespeares Sonnets free essay sample

Chief among these woes is the passage of time. No other poet has so vividly described the passage of time and the horror that this can inspire. Shakespeare reflected on this throughout most of his sonnets, trying desperately to find a way to counter time’s destructive passage. Ultimately, love is pitted against time and in the sonnets there is always a lively battle and a question hanging over which will prevail. Throughout my study of Shakespeare’s sonnets I studied sonnet 18, 65, and 116 each of these sonnets had a timeless quality to them. In the opening line of Sonnet 18 (‘shall I compare thee’) Shakespeare asks a question ‘shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? † the poet is considering writing a poem that compares his loved one to a fine day in the summer time. Immediately we recognise that this is a subjective poem as he addresses his loved one directly. The first quatrain is filled with sibilant s-sounds enhancing the notion of a beautiful summer’s day. However Shakespeare decides that this is not an appropriate comparison as â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate† the repetition of â€Å"more† accentuates the depth of feeling. It is interesting to note that while positive images abound in the poem â€Å"summer’s day† â€Å"darling buds† Shakespeare juxtaposes these images with negative ideas â€Å"rough winds† â€Å"all to short a date†. Here Shakespeare focuses on the ageing process of the human being, an idea that obsessed him. In the second quatrain Shakespeare emphasises how time is a destroyer â€Å"And every fair from fair sometime declines†. This line means that everything fair or beautiful in the world must sometimes â€Å"decline† as beauty slips away. The brevity of life is a theme that pervades all of his sonnets and it is counteracted by his determination to preserve the memory of his loved one. Shakespeare’s obsession is what adds a timeless quality to his sonnets as in today’s society the majority of people are obsessed and are trying to counteract the decline of the human being with age. Throughout the second quatrain there is also a lot of assonance which is used to slow down the pace of the poem along with a series of pauses â€Å"too hot† â€Å"gold complexion†. Shakespeare now personifies the sun â€Å"the eye of heaven† â€Å"his complexion† this is a notable image as the image of the sun’s â€Å"eye† looking down on the world and its complexion â€Å"being dimmed† by cloud cover is memorable. Again, Shakespeare focuses on the aging process through words like â€Å"dimmed†. Throughout the first and second quatrain Shakespeare has been dismissing a conventional image of perfection as inadequate. In a confidently dismissive tone he clearly argued why he shall not compare his loved one to a summer’s day. The beginning of the third quatrain has a new and justified confidence. A summer’s day will come to an end and therefore is an inadequate image but Shakespeare has discovered a means of conferring immorality upon his loved one â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade† â€Å"but† marks a new found tone, a tone of conviction, the poet seems absolutely convinced that his lines will be â€Å"eternal†. The word â€Å"eternal† is a crucial contrast with the rest of the poem up to this point as all previous mention of time has been concerned with its transient nature. Now the passing of time will make possible growth, but not decline. The â€Å"eternal lines† of the poem will live, as Shakespeare tells us in the final couplet â€Å"So long as men can breathe or eyes can see† and the concluding line with its repetitions and absolute confidence gives the sonnet, which was so preoccupied with things passing, a double immortality, the immortality of his loved one and the immortality of the poem itself â€Å"So long lives this, and this gives life to thee†. The sonnet’s endurance comes from Shakespeare’s ability to capture the essence of love so cleanly and succinctly. It still carries a timeless quality because the theme of love is still something that appeals to the modern day reader. Another of Shakespeare’s poems that deals with the theme of love is sonnet 116 (â€Å"Let me not†) Sonnet 116 is a poem in which Shakespeare is putting his side of an implied argument about the nature of love, this sonnet describes what love should ideally be. The opening two lines of the sonnet are drawn directly from the â€Å"Book of Common Prayer†. The internal rhyme and repetition of the third line â€Å"Which alters when it alteration finds† allows it to resonate with the reader, along with the alliterative a sounds. Within the first quatrain Shakespeare uses a negative â€Å"love is not love† to highlight the importance of constancy in true love â€Å"which alters when it alteration finds† From the beginning there is a defensive and assertive tone, this increases as the poem progresses, as Shakespeare is increasingly confident in his understanding and explanation of love. The â€Å"O† at the beginning of the second quatrain is an exclamation. Love is permanent â€Å"an ever fixed mark†. The exclamation o illustrates the permanent nature of love. Shakespeare also uses a metaphor to describe love in the second quatrain â€Å" It is the star to every wand’ ring bark† and although we can measure the distance from the earth to the stars, we cannot place a value on a star â€Å"Whose worth’s unknown† just as you cannot quantify the value or worth of love. Just as within sonnet 18 time is also described as a destroyer within sonnet 116, someone who wields a sickle and cuts down all before it â€Å"Within his bending sickle’s compass come† However, love is not ruled by time. Unlike the â€Å"rosy lips and cheeks† that are at time’s mercy, love exists beyond its realm or â€Å"compass† and so avoids having to become time’s slave or â€Å"fool†. The sonnet contains a slight shift in emphasis in this line where the poet considers love in terms of time. This change or â€Å"turn† is a common feature of the Shakespearean sonnet. The archaic phrase in the third quatrain â€Å"Love alters not† lends a note of grandeur to the line. The final rhyming couplet projects a vibrant positivity and a sense of hope absent in many of the other sonnets. The poet is committed to his loved one and to the belief that his writing will overcome the transience of time. â€Å"If this be error† his presents a challenge, lays down a gauntlet â€Å"no man ever loved†. In the final line he uses negative words to present a positive â€Å"never† â€Å"nor† â€Å"no†, this is a clever rhetorical device that captures the reader’s attention through the use of repetition. Again Shakespeare’s sonnet 116 has a timeless quality because of the subject he is dealing with just as any 21st century person would not want their loved one to die, Shakespeare does not wish to give time the final say. It is love that he wishes to triumph over all. In sonnet 116 Shakespeare assents with confidence â€Å"Love alters not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He believes that loves is a more powerful force than time, he believes that love â€Å"looks on tempests and is never shaken†. This lies in stark contrast to his words in sonnet 65; here time is described as something full of fury and â€Å"rage† a force that destroys all before it. Sonnet 65 considers the destructive, unstoppable work of time. The repetition of â€Å"nor† in the opening line â€Å"Since brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea† is highly effective in illustrating the destructive power of time. The listing of apparently everlasting substances in the opening line and the poet’s acceptance that even these are destroyed by time highlight the impermanence of almost everything. Throughout the sonnet Shakespeare asks five questions in all, each questions seeking to find how the work of time can be counteracted. The rhetorical question in the opening quatrain comes with a great sense of hopelessness â€Å"Whose action is no stronger than a flower? † Beauty and youth seem defenceless when juxtaposed with the power of time. The natural image of the flower – beautiful but fragile- in the face of the raging, powerful mortality which destroys brass, stone, earth and sea is a vivid presentation of the poet’s sense of hopelessness. Again Shakespeare employs images from the natural world to represent beauty. The first quatrain also contains legal imagery, to â€Å"hold a plea† can mean to successfully present a legal case. There is a certain desperation and urgency to the tone of this sonnet. Three lines begin with â€Å"O† signalling the poets despair. The first â€Å"O† opens the second quatrain. This quatrain also contains examples of sibilance â€Å"shall summer’s† the sibilant s sounds accentuate the sense of despair. This sonnet also contains military imagery. The poet compares time to an army laying siege to a town â€Å"Against the wrackful siege† The image of â€Å"battering days† and the mention of â€Å"rocks† and â€Å"gates of steel† in the second quatrain echo the raging destruction of brass and stone in the first. In this sonnet Shakespeare uses the first two quatrains to consider time’s power to destroy, and in the third quatrain he thinks specifically of his loved one. The third quatrain begins with a forceful pause â€Å"O fearful meditation† and the â€Å"where, alack† in the same line adds a despondent and urgent tone. The regular use of punctuation, practically between every word accentuates his point, and the capitalization of â€Å"Time† shows the reverence in which he views time. The poet compares his loved one to a â€Å"jewel† and wonders how they can possibly hide from time and so avoid ageing and death. The poet then goes on to compare time as a pirate or a thief who wishes to take his â€Å"jewel† and bury it in a chest â€Å"Time’s chest†. The answer to preventing his loved one from being destroyed by time is to be found in the poet’s own ability to defy time. His beloved will survive in the black ink which forms the poet’s words on the page. The final two lines of the sonnet offer something of a solution and the tone is hopeful even though the poet is well aware that a miracle is required to defeat the force of time. The final â€Å"O† marks a different tone. It is confident, but â€Å"unless† suggests belief and hope rather than certainty. â€Å"O none, unless this miracle have might, That in black ink my love may still shine bright† The poet closes with an effective paradox, the description of the miracle is emphasises by the paradox of â€Å"black† can â€Å"shine brightly†. Of indescribable linguistic beauty, elegance and complexity, Shakespeares sonnets owe their timeless appeal to their supreme compositional values, the universality of their themes, and their keen insights into the human heart and soul.

Student Study Section free essay sample

Study the timeline above and then read the following quotation. The nation that political problems could more naturally be solved by violence than by debate was firmly entrenched in a country in which for a thousand years civil war has been if not exactly the norm then certainly no rarity. From Paul Preton, The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge, 2006 1. Looking at the timeline above showing events in Spain in the 19th and early 20th centuries, what evidence is there for Preston’s argument? 2. What factors were causing tension in Spain during this time? (Economic, military, religious, political? ) 3. What example of foreign intervention was there in Spain in the 29th century? Review questions 1. Draw a mind map or spider diagram of the key issues dividing Spain by 1931 2. Explain the events that led to the fall of Kind Alfonso in 1931. 3. Looking at the long-term issues in Spain and the political events of the 19th century, what problems was the Second Republic likely to face? Do you consider that war was inevitable by mid 1931? Review questions How did the actions of the Second republic create more tension? In what way did they, in Paul Preston’s words, ensure that Spain’s underlying conflicts ere transmitted into national politics?Research activity Research the Asturian miner’ uprising of 1934. We will write a custom essay sample on Student Study Section or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Paris, discuss the extent to which you agree that this was an attempted revolution. STUDENT STUDY SECTION Review questions 1. To what extent did economic issues lead to a civil war? 2. What was the impact of international events to the growing divisions in Spain Class debate Divide the class into three groups. Each group needs to argue one of the following: * The right wing was responsible for the Spanish Civil War * The left wing was responsible for the Spanish Civil War * Both left and right were equally responsible for the Spanish Civil War   Review activity Look back at the timeline on pp. 235-36. Identify key points where foreign intervention plays a significant role in the fighting. One side will argue that the Nationalists’ strengths won the Spanish Civil War, the other will argue that it was due to Republican weaknesses. The motion is: The strengths of the Nationalists won the Civil War. Each side must have a series of thematic and coherent arguments. To gain a point, they have to support arguments with clear evidence. STUDENT STUDY SECTION Read the following sources and answer the questions: Document A The nationalists maintained that Guernical had been blown up by the Basques themselves, in order to discredit the blameless Nationalists. A later version said that Republican planes dropped bomb to detonate charges dynamite placed in the sewers. Twenty years later it was still a crime in Franco’s Spain to say that Guernical had been destroyed by the Nationalists. Document B Our consciences were uneasy about it. After living through the raid we knew only too well that the destruction had come from the air. The Reds had hardly any planes, we knew that too. Amongst our own, we’d admit the truth: our side had bombed the town and it was a bad thing. But what can we do about it now? We’d say. It was simply better to keep quite. From a statement by Juan Sangroniz, a Nationalists, quoted in Ronald Fraser, Blood of Spain Document C The Germans said the wind caused the bombes to drift eastwards [the target had been a bridge on the river]. In fact Guernica was a military target, being a communications centre close to the line. Retreating republican soldiers could only escape with any ease through Guernical because the bridge over the river was the last one before the sea. But if the aim of the Condor Legion was destroy the bridge why did they not use their supremely accurate stuka bombers? At least part to aim must have been to cause maximum panic and confusion among civilians as well as soldier. The use of incendiary bombs proves that some destruction of buildings and people other than it bridge must have been intended From Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, 1977 Questions 1. In what ways are the views expressed in Document A supported by the views in Document B 2. What reasons are identified in Document C for the bombing of Guernica? STUDENT STUDY SECTION Essay work Planning essay in an essential way to revise topics as you approach examinations. In pairs or groups, plan out the essays below. Your plan should include: * An introduction written out in full * The opening sentence for each paragraph setting out your ‘topic’ * Bullet points setting out the evidence to go in each paragraph * A conclusion written out in full Each group should present it essay plan to the rest of the class. How much overlap of content is three between the different essay plans? Some hints are given for your planning in the first 3 essays Essay 1 Analyze the causes of the Spain Civil War. You could structure this essay thematically, and consider the key issues in the long term and the short term. Your analysis should then explain why there was tension that intensified over time. Remember to include the ‘trigger’ of the civil war, as this explains why the war broke out when it did. * Themes: 1898-1931 –Economic/Social/Polical/Empire * Themes:1931-36 –Land reforms/Church reforms/Social unrest /Reaction of right/Popular Front * Trigger:1936 –The attempted coup. Essays 2 What were the key effects of the Spanish Civil War? You might want to include material from this chapter on the ‘nature’ of the war in this essay, as well as focusing on the more general results. It might be helpful for you to structure your essay in two parts: effects of the war internally on Spain, and then effects of the war external on the other countries. Remember to attempt to adopt a thematic approach. Essay 3 What was the impact of foreign intervention in the Spain Civil War? You could discuss this question in terms of how the ‘nature’ of the war was affected by foreign intervention: * Polarizing the complex political divisions in Spain * Increasing the brutality and casualty rate * Protracting the war. You could then discuss this question in terms of how the ‘outcome’ of the war was affected by foreign intervention† * Germany/Italy/Portugal: Strengthening the military capabilities of the Nationalists * USSR: Weakening the political unity of the Republic, and then undermining its ability to wage war by withdrawing support * NIC and Neutrals benefited the Nationalists Now attempt to make detailed plans for the following essay questions: * In what ways and to what extent, did social and religious divisions lead to war in Spain in 1936? * To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by division in Spain and in Spain society? Assess the impact of political and constitutional developments in Spain between 1930 and 1939 * Why did the Constitutional Monarchy in Spain collapse in 1931? * Carlism is a political movement in Spain that looks to establish a separate line of the Bourbon family on the Spanish throne. This line is descended from Carlos V ( 1788-1855). * The Civil Guard was founded in 1844. Its purpose was to control the peasantry, maintain the status quo and stamp out any anti-monarchist, revolutionary sentiment. It was particularly active in the Basque Provinces and was hated by the peasantry. It was later to play a role in supporting the conservative downers in resisting the reforms of the Second Republic. * The destabilization of the Spanish electoral system is the worth nothing that the Spain electoral system ensured that only a small swing in the number of votes cast had a huge effect on the parliamentary system. Thus, although there was only a minor shift of votes from the left to the right, there was a big change in parliamentary power. The same was ro happen in 1926 when the Popular front gained control. The instability created by the electoral system was a contributory factor to the breakdown of the Second Republic.