Machivelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Machivelli - Essay Example In order to back up my ideal about the working schema of the essay by Machiavelli, there are some of the aspects that are being discussed here from the context of the essay (HistoryMuse.net). Machiavelli have noted that one should never intrude in one’s property because that may threaten the social security of an individual which may put him under the impression that he or she needs to be a rebel which affects the social environment. Those who appear greedy will always get a similar treatment in a society (YouSendit.com). The first issue that is taken under debate regarding the text is that Machiavelli has shown a rather greedy side of a prince where he would be concerned about each and every aspect of the materials that may enforce him with power. I believe that this is not just a fake statement by the author because it is true in all dimensions. The monarchs or the government head always try to get more power if they have access to. If the material that provides power belongs to one person that the prince (representation of monarchs or the government) will be inclined towards that individual to gain power for authority. Another issue which is merely regarding the attribute of a prince being fearful or loved is that Machiavelli suggested in his text that government needs to be sure of the fact of being loved or feared by its people. Some governments would like to be feared while other would be loved. As per the suggestion of Machiavelli, one should be able to feared and then loved. This is agreeable as the government needs to empower the people when they are given the right way. The cruelty has also been considered as an aspect of argument. It is in the manner as stated by the author; Clement should be the way of governing rather than being cruel. The author has justified this stance in the form of governments in the previous times which went unsuccessful to provide

Electromagnetic Bomb Essay Example for Free

Electromagnetic Bomb Essay Have you ever been without electricity for more than an hour? One day? Three days? You never realize how much you value electricity until you are without it. As a society we depend on electricity to run everything from are refrigerator to our businesses to are motor vehicles. Technology is always progressing with new inventions; in the case of the electromagnetic bomb this is no different. The electromagnetic bomb or E-bomb is another form of a weapon of mass destruction. The E-bomb takes advantage of how we rely so heavily on electricity. It is designed to not just disable but destroy electronic devices by sending out an electromagnetic pulse or an EMP. An EMP is a burst of electromagnetic radiation from an explosion, the resulting electric and magnetic fields merge with electronic systems to produce catastrophic currents and voltage surges. An EMP is a form of electromagnetic induction as this is the production of voltage. If an E-bomb were to explode it alters the magnetic flux lines of the earth meaning the North won’t be as affected but the East, South and West will experience the eye of the blast if you will. This would mean thousands of volts of electromagnetic energy from the highest positives to the highest negative polarities transferred via air and power lines. This is an important weapon in have in a war as it can take out your opponent’s form of communication. This is a unique weapon of mass destruction because it does not directly take the lives of human beings, rather takes the things away that are essential for living. Even though the E-bomb is still considered to be in a research stage if it were to be paired with a relatively small nuclear warhead that exploded in the atmosphere it could send out enough power to wipe out power coast to coast in the United States. Like stated before even now this type of technology is still in a research phase but there is speculation that the USA used one during the 1991 Gulf War. In basic principles An E-bomb is as complex as a radio (which is not very). Electric current produces a magnetic field and changing a magnetic field can induce current. To give you an example a small radio transmission emits enough energy to send it to a receiver, what an E-bomb does is highly intensifies the current frying the semi conductor making it beyond repair. The E-bomb is considered a weapon of mass destruction, it does not kill humans directly but it causes drastic effects where it can destroy a society. An electromagnetic bomb acts in a finesse manner as other nuclear war heads bring the power. This technology is a dangerous power to have and needs to be exercised only in the most extreme circumstances, which there shouldn’t be as this world as a whole needs to strive for peace and leave the World Wars behind us. Let’s clear something up right now, this technology is simple by deadly and can destroy a countries foundation. Imagine if the USA had permanent power outage nationwide, what would that mean for the richest country in the world? What would that mean for the rest of the work that depends on trading the USA? When you take out a global player the United States it affects them in an enormous way but every other country and there are a lot of them are now affected in a social and economical manner. Many countries in the developing world depend on the aid that is provided to them by the United States. If such a disaster were to happen to the US they would not be in any position to provide this aid anymore. So many products are manufactured in the USA on a daily basis that is traded to so many other nations that depend on these products. It affects other countries that now have to provide aid to the United States for them to rebuild their nation. If this was to happen a stalk market crash will occur and here comes another ‘Great Depression’. Where ever an E-Bomb goes off it will completely wipe out the area’s economy as every electronic device would need to be replaced including all computer systems and motor vehicles. Think about how much data would be lost of a company like Microsoft or Apple was to completely lose their networks. It makes it very difficult to survive if there is no power to freeze and refrigerate and cook food or retrieve water. Think about how un-healthy it would be to have all the sewage back up and no where to put your garbage. The environment in the affected areas would take a drastic turn for the worse. Granted Nuclear warheads are deadly from the time they explode. An E-bomb will keep the buildings standing but no power to run them. An E-bomb is slow painful death rather then a quick blast you are dead.

A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

A Dialogue Paper on Human Cloning This dialogue is between two students at the university. Steve is a little uncomfortable about cloning, while Sally presents many valid arguments in favor of it. Steve presents many moral questions that Sally answers. Steve: Hi, Sally. Are you aware that the Scottish embryologist, Ian Wilmut, cloned a sheep from adult cells, and now, there are many moral, economic, and political questions that must be answered. Sally: Interestingly enough, I was just reading about this topic in a magazine. I was amazed at the simplicity of the cloning process used by Dr. Wilmut and his colleagues. The process of cloning a sheep begins by taking the cells from the udder of an adult sheep, and placing them in a culture with few nutrients. The purpose of this is to starve the cells so that they stop dividing. This switches off the active genes. While they starve these cells, they take an unfertilized egg from a different ewe, and remove the nucleus from this unfertilized egg. Then, they place the unfertilized egg cell next to one of the original starved cells Steve: How do the two cells come together? Does it happen spontaneously? Sally: No, it does not happen spontaneously. An electric pulse fuses the two cells together. A second electric pulse makes the cell divide. After six days, Dr. Wilmut placed this embryo into a different ewe, and after a normal gestation period, the new baby sheep named Dolly was born. She was named after Dolly Parton. Steve: But cloning is not new. In 1952, researchers in Pennsylvania cloned a live frog. What makes Dr. Wilmut's achievement so special? Sally: Yes, it is true that a frog was cloned in 1952, but those scientists used an embryonic cell. Dr. Wilmut used an adult cell. Steve: What is the difference between using an embryonic cell and an adult cell? Sally: Embryonic cells are "undifferentiated." Undifferentiated cells have not gone through changes that make some cells into skin cells or muscle cells or brain cells, for example. Undifferentiated cells can become any cell in the body because it can activate any gene on any chromosome, but as cells develop, the DNA of certain cells fold in particular ways making large portions of the DNA inaccessible. This makes sure that the wrong genes do not get turned on at the wrong time or in the wrong place.

Cleaning Human’s Mess In The Waters Essay

One can not perfectly estimate how long it will actually take to clean up the oceans polluted by oil. It always depends on the techniques used, the efficiency of the people working on it, how often workers clean the oceans and the budget alloted for the clean-up. Cleaning the ocean is the less difficult part, but expects the recovery to take more than 15 years. If cleaning is the only issue, then 15 to 20 years will definitely be enough, given that all procedures are effective, all workers are responsible and serious with what they are doing and all alloted budgets are used directly to fund the oil spill clean up. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill into the Limelight We can take the Exxon Valdez oil spill as an example. On March 24, 1989, one of the most shocking and seemingly-unrecoverable environmental disasters happened in Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States. This occurrence is said to be among the world’s largest oil spills when it comes to how much oil spill is released to the waters. Prince William Sounds is a place which isn’t easy to access. Because of its remote location, cleaning it was difficult. Workers who need to clean the waters had to ride in boats and helicopters to reach the place (Chandler and Streissguth, p. 5). What needed to be cleaned was 11,000 square miles of ocean or 28,000 square kilometers of water. There were 40. 9 million liters of oil, or 10. 8 million U. S gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil spilled into the sea. Cleaning up seemed impossible and people were hopeless, but there were bigger things at stake like lives of millions of seabirds, seals, sea otters and salmon which belonged to the sea and depended on such habitat for survival (Chandler and Streissguth, p. 6). There were indeed a lot of delaying tactics in terms of cleaning up the Exxon Valdez oil spill since it was the first time America was confronted with such a big disaster. No one was at least prepared for it. The responses to cleaning up were slow and generally inadequate. The shoreline of the waters was definitely destroyed. There was a dramatic decline in the microbial population. What were needed to start the cleanup were challenged by response management, but was in time attended by 85 aircrafts, 1,400 vessels and 11,000 personnel. Having been armed with all these, the clean up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill was started in April 1989 (Wells, Butler and Hughes, p. 217). Cleaning up oil spill can indeed be cleaned up within 15 to 20 years because considering the volume of oil spilled into the ocean by Exxon Valdez, five months was enough to partially clean the ocean and let the government stop the people from cleaning the oceans up. If cleaning up continued, the health of the workers will definitely be jeopardized. What Alaska did was to stop the cleaning in September (which was started in April of the same year) and waited for winter instead. Responses resumed in the next two years, where cleaning up was at its height during the summers. Winters were skipped because the weather was sure to help with the clean up, too. Alaska is known for more than frequent winter storms. This time, winter storms are a blessing in disguise because these were capable of removing the oil which accumulated in the shorelines. Even sub-surface oils were removed from the ocean, too. By summer, cleaning up with personnel and procedures resumed (Wells, Butler and Hughes, p. 218). Human efforts and the help from the environment was enough to clean the Exxon Valdez oil spill in approximately three years. After the efforts and responses from women, it becomes the turn of the environment. This actually happened when 378 of the 587 segments of shorelines were treated through the application of bioremediation alone. It didn’t take too long a time until cleaning the oil spill only required simpler techniques like bioremediation (as mentioned earlier), manual clean up and limited use of equipment (Wells, Butler and Hughes, p. 316). If this is how long it takes for a great disaster to be cleaned up, then how can one say that 15 to 20 years is not enough? Let it be a Lesson Learned It won’t necessarily take 15 to 20 years to clean up the ocean. It may reach that long enough, though, if cleaning up is still done irresponsibly. Clean-up attempts are dangerous. In fact, cleaning up may even be more destructive than the oil spill itself because physical methods and chemicals are needed to eradicate the oil from the waters. If the amount is incorrect or the physical method is done improperly, then further damage can be caused, thereby delaying the cleaning up process and recovery (Alvord and Alvord, p. 77). Oil penetrated deeply into the sea. The spilled oil stays fresh for a couple of years. In no time, it returns back to the surface. Before it even reaches the surface, the oil should be taken away from the ocean bed because it can kill nearly animals once it reaches the water’s surface. This is a concern of the people who work in cleaning up the oceans, which is why the response in oil spills is relatively fast since the Exxon Valdez caused trauma to a lot of people (Alvord and Alvord, p. 77). Because of the effects of oil on marine life and the quality of sea water, people are alerted – from government, be it local or national, to local residents near the shorelines of oceans. This alert alone is enough to warn everybody about the adverse effects of oil spill. The Exxon Valdez serves as a living example to help people stop the harmful things they do to the environment. The elimination of harmful acts will surely help in reducing the required clean-up years. Whatever it is that takes 15 to 20 years is not the cleaning procedures at all, but the long-term effects of the spilled oil. Millions of marine creatures are killed and it will take decades before reproduction is active and healthy again. The food we get from the water becomes questionable while tourism and economic depression is experienced.

Siblings Love

Darius Dualuqua 9/6/2012 Fundamentals of Writing 098-125 WHAT IT’S ABOUT? The articles discuss the lifestyles of young college students loving and enjoying the pros and cons that come with living on campus and collage social lifestyle. It heavily speaks about the amount of hookups that transpire between both sexes on college campuses. It speaks about something that has taken uprising since the mid-1960s and had since grown into a big scene and has come to dominate the social scene on college campuses. Some of the main idea would be how the consumptions of alcohol dismiss the fear of inhibition and also lead to a risky sexual behavior.SUPPORT/MAIN IDEA The author gives us a lot reason why hookups are so rampant on campuses and what’s fueling that drive. In the article the author state and give several reason from what causes the hookup to the sexual drive that one gets when intoxicated. First the author provides us with a time back when a lot of these mistakes started to happen, back in the mid-60s when huge amount of students began living on campuses same sexes living in close proximity and alcohol started being part of the mixture.The author also gives us details in paragraph 5 what are some of the benefits into college lifestyle hooking up. â€Å"There’s no string attached between partners, hooking up is not just about sex, it also a way for student to find relationship after an initial hookup† also in the 8 paragraph, the author speak about how alcohol was a huge influence on a lot of the hooking up. Furthermore give students a reason to be out of control and make poor decisions saying â€Å"I was drunk†.ANALYZE This article is very important not just only to college a young freshman who’s looking into moving on campus for the fun of the social lifestyle of school but also for parents who have their child on college campus and don’t have a clue to what’s happening on campus. This article give us details on how this have become a huge epidemic and how the alcohol and hooking up on college campuses lifestyle have come to dominate the social scene on a lot of school campuses.This article has a lot of facts and key point that raises a lot of eyebrows on the college lifestyle that a lot of parents don’t get to see. However, the author give is some ideas in paragraph 13 that might be meaningful and helpful to solving this epidemic that has been going on for decades, however if this have been going on for so long, when will the administrators of our school system start to find an solution to these problems. I guess only time will tell. It will either get worst or someone will continue to write about the hookups and sexual assaults that are being fueled by the alcohol.

Relationship between Childhood Understanding or Construction and Child Intervention

Relationship between Childhood Understanding or Construction and Child Intervention Introduction Childhood construction is a vital aspect in determining child intervention within the child protection system. Parents possess a natural responsibility to intervene in their children’s lives. Childhood is recognized as an important status by the religious and secular world. For example, throughout the ages, religious teachings have encouraged parents to protect their children from any kind of harm (Shonkof and Meisels 68).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Childhood Understanding or Construction and Child Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need that adults posses of intervening in the lives of their children has shaped the way adults understand and construct childhood. There are many reasons why parents intervene in their children’s lives. First, they view childhood as a stage in life that is defined by helplessness and vulnerability, hence making it necess ary for them to offer protection to children (Shonkof and Meisels 70). Secondly, they view children as human beings who should enjoy their full human rights. Thirdly, they believe that investing in children by protecting them is investing in the success of the future society (Shonkof and Meisels 71). Many child interventions are determined by the construction of childhood as a vulnerable stage in human development that requires adult security. Ineffective construction of childhood promotes the idea that children as less knowledgeable and not deserving of power to make decisions. Discussion The perspective of adults and the perspective of young people lead to different childhood constructions. However, the understanding of childhood in both cases determines child intervention within the child protection system. For example, young people consider abuse as the use of power by adults to control the behaviour of children and young people (Mason and Falloon 9). As an intervention strategy , young people consider negotiation as an effective method of preventing child abuse. However, this may be ineffective because children consider the power to disclose cases of abuse as their right.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, they claim that it enables them to handle such situations appropriately (Mason and Falloon 9). Interventions based on the perspective of young people may be ineffective because young people may decide to conceal information regarding cases of abuse. Reasons for information concealment include intimidation and fear of harm by abusers. Research and literature on child abuse is mainly focused on the perspectives of adults. Children are considered as not being knowledgeable and as such, their opinions are of little or no help in formulating intervention programs (Mason and Falloon 12). This assumption has led to the marginalization of children as potential contributors in child intervention policies. The perspective has labeled child abuse as a social problem that should be solved by those in power and has contributed in aggravating the problem. Abusers are considered the abused, and the abused are considered the abusers (Mason and Falloon 9). It is important to take children’s opinions and perspectives into consideration. For example, a study by Parton et al (1997) found out that children’s opinions are only used to supplement adult opinions in child abuse cases. Ignoring the opinions of children has led to poor intervention programs. There is a distinct difference between children’s and adults’ perspectives of abuse. In order to provide effective intervention, it is important to consider children’s definition of abuse. Children define abuse as the subjection to adult power and control, emotional hurt, being looked down upon and being denied a chance to voice their opinions (B agnato 46). Children’s perspective is different from the adults’ perspective, which considers children as less knowledgeable and unable to determine what is good for themselves. This results in ineffective child intervention efforts. Adults should allow children to participate in discussions, give them freedom to choose what they want and take time to explain the consequences of the decisions that they make on their behalf (Bagnato 48). In addition, the views of children should be prioritized in interventions, and decisions should be made with the interests of the child as priority.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship between Childhood Understanding or Construction and Child Intervention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A rights based approach constructs children as human beings who have rights that should be respected (Brambring et al 82). In addition, it considers children as important contr ibutors to society and as investments that are the foundation of the future. The 1994 Geneva Declaration and the 1959 United Nations Declaration were some of the first laws that offered child intervention, although in an inadequate way (Brambring et al 85). They constructed children as dependent on adults because they are weak. They clearly stipulated the value of children to society, and hence the need to protect them. The first law that applied the rights based approach was the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The treaty comprises 54 articles that give children various rights. These rights include social, economic, political and cultural rights (Shonkof and Meisels 98). For example, Article 12 gives children the right to be listened to and the right to be involved in any decision making process that affects them (Brambring et al 89). This leads to participation, a concept that recognizes children as part of the society, and as persons with rights that should be respected. The participation concept constructs children as human beings with rights and responsibilities. This perspective delegates certain responsibilities to children and other responsibilities to adults in order to strike a balance (James et al 52). The rights based approach encourages children to participate in decision making through expressing their views and opinions. In most cases, adults make the final decision in cases that involve child intervention. However, these decisions should include the views and opinions of children. The participation approach has many benefits that make it an efficient approach to child intervention. It helps children protect themselves because by voicing their opinions, they avoid situations that could amount to abuse (James et al 55). Children who are encouraged to express their views are able to challenge situations that abuse their rights. Therefore, children are less vulnerable to abuse when they are encouraged to express themsel ves (James 109). This approach is beneficial and effective. However, it has many drawbacks. First, adults may take the rights of children lightly because many cultures place little value on the rights of children. Secondly, adults may refuse to give children power to participate in decision making because they believe that they know what is god for their children (James et al 58). Many adults feel that by giving children power, they encourage them to be disrespectful.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The idealistic perspective constructs childhood as a human development stage that is a period of innocence and carefree behaviours. This perspective stipulates that children should not be given adult responsibilities such as involvement in decision-making processes (James 122). Proponents of the idealistic perspective discourage the participation of children in intervention decisions and as such, influence child intervention negatively. Failing to involve children in decision making discourages them from expressing their opinions on matters that are important to them. This approach is ineffective because children’s understanding of abuse is different from adults’ understanding of abuse. As such, adults make decisions that do not align with the needs and rights of children. Conclusion Childhood construction is a critical aspect in determining child intervention in the child protection system. Parents possess a natural urge to intervene in their children’s lives. Childhood construction takes several approaches depending on how it is understood. Many child interventions are determined by the construction of children as vulnerable, weak and in need of protection. Other constructions view children as valuable human beings who have rights and form the foundation for the future. In order to provide effective intervention, it is important to consider children’s definition of abuse. Some adults consider children as less knowledgeable and unable to determine what is good for themselves. This results in ineffective child intervention efforts that fail to fully protect children from abuse. To ensure that child interventions are effective, adults should allow children to participate in discussions concerning child intervention, give children freedom to choose what they want, and take time to explain the consequences of the decisions that they make on their behalf. The participation concept constructs children as human beings with rights and resp onsibilities. This perspective delegates certain responsibilities to children and others to adults in order to create a balance. The approach encourages children to participate in decision making through expressing their views and opinions. Efficient childhood construction views children as valuable human beings with rights and in need of protection. Bagnato, Stephen. Authentic Assessment for Early Childhood Intervention: Best  Practices. New York: Guilford Press, 2009. Print. Brambring, Michael, Rauh, Hellgard, and Belmann, Andeas. Early Childhood  Intervention: Theory, Evaluation and Practice. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1996. Print. James, Allison and James, Adrian. Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social  Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Print. James, Allison. Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in  the Sociological Study of Childhood. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print. Mason, Jan and Falloon, Jan. A Children’s Pe rspective on Child Abuse. Children  Australia, 24.3 (1999): 9-13. Print. Shonkof, Jack, and Meisels, Samuel. Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention. London: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

Free Essays on Kids Fingerprints

Kid fingerprinting Should parents voluntarily create detailed identification records (including fingerprints) on their children? Do to anticipation of possible runaway problems or abductions? Some agree because you can never tell when terrible things will happen to a child, so it is best to be prepared. Nevertheless, some disagree due to the vast majority of missing children that are not abducted. Whether abducted or not, fingerprinting will do no good they say. It wastes time and money and pushes us that much closer to the creation of the Orwellian National Data Center that Congress rejected fifteen years ago. As of early 1983, 11 states had launched programs to fingerprint children. These were New York, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana; now all states participate. Most of this activity was stimulated by the passage of the Missing Children Act in October 1982. What the new law did was to legitimize the use of the FBI's national computer network, the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) for non-criminal purposes. All of the programs are voluntary. In some cases, the police departments retain the records, or the fingerprint cards are turned over to the parents for safekeeping. The apparent purpose of the program is to help provide either positive identification to link children picked up, or bodies recovered, with missing person notices. Every year about 1 million children are reported missing. Of these most, about 800,000 are away from home for less than two weeks. About 15 0,000 of the total missing are abducted; of these two thirds are abducted by a divorced parent. Some of the reasons behind the missing children are not pretty. According to an article in Parade, about 35 percent of runaways leave home because of incest, 53 percent because of physical neglect. The rest are "throwaways," children kicked out or sim... Free Essays on Kids Fingerprints Free Essays on Kids Fingerprints Kid fingerprinting Should parents voluntarily create detailed identification records (including fingerprints) on their children? Do to anticipation of possible runaway problems or abductions? Some agree because you can never tell when terrible things will happen to a child, so it is best to be prepared. Nevertheless, some disagree due to the vast majority of missing children that are not abducted. Whether abducted or not, fingerprinting will do no good they say. It wastes time and money and pushes us that much closer to the creation of the Orwellian National Data Center that Congress rejected fifteen years ago. As of early 1983, 11 states had launched programs to fingerprint children. These were New York, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, New Jersey, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Nebraska, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana; now all states participate. Most of this activity was stimulated by the passage of the Missing Children Act in October 1982. What the new law did was to legitimize the use of the FBI's national computer network, the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) for non-criminal purposes. All of the programs are voluntary. In some cases, the police departments retain the records, or the fingerprint cards are turned over to the parents for safekeeping. The apparent purpose of the program is to help provide either positive identification to link children picked up, or bodies recovered, with missing person notices. Every year about 1 million children are reported missing. Of these most, about 800,000 are away from home for less than two weeks. About 15 0,000 of the total missing are abducted; of these two thirds are abducted by a divorced parent. Some of the reasons behind the missing children are not pretty. According to an article in Parade, about 35 percent of runaways leave home because of incest, 53 percent because of physical neglect. The rest are "throwaways," children kicked out or sim...

SAT Score Range 3 Steps to Understanding Your Score

SAT Score Range 3 Steps to Understanding Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Confused about the SAT score range? It's no secret that the SAT has undergone drastic changes since 2016, shifting from a 2400-point scale to a markedly narrower 1600-point scale. But what do these numbers mean for you? And how can you use SAT score ranges to determine the scores you need for college? First, we'll discuss the current SAT scores range for the exam as a whole and for each SAT section and subsection. After, we’ll take a close look at how SAT scores are distributed among test takers, explain why colleges maintain different SAT score ranges, and teach you how to set your own SAT goal score. What Is the SAT Score Range? Altogether, the SAT score range is 400-1600 for your composite SAT score (i.e., Evidence-Based Reading and Writing + Math). Three individual sections comprise this total score: Reading, Writing and Language (often called Writing), and Math. The Math score range is 200-800 in 10-point increments. The Reading and Writing sections, however, work a little differently. At first, these two sections are scored separately in one-point increments on a scale of 10-40. They are then converted (using an individualized equating process) into one Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800 (the same as the Math scale). Note that the composite SAT score range does not include the optional Essay. The Essay score has three dimensions to it: Reading, Analysis, and Writing. Two readers will each assign you three scores on a scale of 1-4. The two scores from these readers are then combined to give you a total SAT score range of 2-8 for each of the three dimensions. So a perfect Essay score would be 8|8|8. We're not finished yet! The SAT also contains subscores and cross-test scores, which are calculated separately on scales of 1-15 and 10-40, respectively. Subscores and cross-test scores indicate your level of mastery of specific skills, such as vocabulary knowledge and algebra. Here are the EBRW subscores: Expression of Ideas Standard English Conventions Words in Context Command of Evidence And here are the Math subscores: Heart of Algebra Problem Solving and Data Analysis Passport to Advanced Math Cross-test scores are a little different; they measure your performance on history/social studies and science questions on all SAT sections (excluding the Essay). The two SAT cross-test scores are as follows: Analysis in History/Social Studies Analysis in Science The SAT has four sections, and even its sections have sections! To help you visualize what we've touched on so far, here is a detailed chart showcasing each SAT scores range: SAT Score Range (2016-Present) SAT Section Score Range Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) 200-800 Reading 10-40 Writing and Language 10-40 Expression of Ideas 1-15 Standard English Conventions 1-15 Words in Context 1-15 Command of Evidence 1-15 Math 200-800 Heart of Algebra 1-15 Problem Solving and Data Analysis 1-15 Passport to Advanced Math 1-15 Cross-Test Scores* - Analysis in History/Social Studies 10-40 Analysis in Science 10-40 TOTAL (EBRW + Math) 400-1600 Essay 2-8 | 2-8 | 2-8 Reading 2-8 Analysis 2-8 Writing 2-8 *Cross-test scores are for the Reading, Writing, and Math sections All of these score ranges are for the current redesigned SAT (2016-present). But what about the pre-2016 SAT? Contrary to what we have now, the old SAT score scale was 600-2400 (as opposed to 400-1600) and there were no subscores or cross-test scores as there are today. Additionally, test takers got separate Critical Reading and Writing scores, the latter of which was a combination of your Writing and Essay scores. (Nowadays, the SAT Essay is optional and does not count toward your composite SAT score.) Here is an overview of the old SAT scores scale: Old SAT Score Range (Pre-2016) SAT Section Score Range Critical Reading 200-800 Math 200-800 Writing Composite 200-800 Writing Multiple Choice 20-80 Essay 0-12 TOTAL (All Sections) 600-2400 SAT Score Distribution The College Board redesigned the SAT in 2016 so that a total score of approximately 1000- the middle score between 400 (the minimum) and 1600 (the maximum), or the highest point on the SAT bell curve- would signify the average score of test takers. This score is in contrast to the pre-2016 SAT average of around 1500, which was the middle point between 600 and 2400 (the old SAT minimum and maximum). The current SAT bell curve means that most SAT takers score around 1000, and very few score extremely high (1500 and higher) or extremely low (700 and below). According to data collected by the College Board, the average SAT score is 1068- pretty close to 1000. Below is a chart showcasing the current SAT percentiles for EBRW, Math, and the exam as a whole. As a reminder, percentiles indicate what percentage of test takers you scored higher than on a given section. Thus, the higher your percentile, the more impressive your score is. Percentile EBRW Math TOTAL 99 and 99+ 750-800 790-800 1500-1600 90 670 680-690 1340 75 610 600 1200-1210 50 530* 520* 1050-1060 25 460 450 910-920 10 400-410 380-390 800 1 and 1- 200-330 200-320 400-680 *Estimated score based on current percentiles We can use SAT percentiles to help us understand how many (or, rather, how few) test takers scored at the extreme ends of the exam. According to this data, a 99th percentile or higher SAT score is anywhere from 1500 to a perfect 1600. This means that only 1% of test takers scored 1500 or higher on the SAT. So you don't need to get a perfect score in order to reach the 99th percentile- you can miss as many as 100 points and still achieve that top 1% distinction on your SAT score report! Likewise, very few test takers scored on the lower end of the SAT score range. Only 1% of test takers scored between 400 (the absolute minimum) and 680; that's a huge 280-point span! What this ultimately means is that you’re very likely to earn at least 280 points on the SAT since 99% of test takers score above 680. In regard to SAT section scores, once again few test takers scored the highest and lowest possible scores. To hit the 99th percentile on EBRW, you’d have to score 750 or higher. But to do the same on Math, you’d need to earn a 790. This trend indicates that the Math section is generally more competitive than the EBRW section, as more people score higher on Math than on EBRW. As for the 1st percentile, EBRW and Math maintain respective score ranges of 200-330 and 200-320. This means only 1% of test takers scored 320 or below on either section and the vast majority scored higher than 330. But how can you figure out what kinds of SAT scores you'll need for your colleges specifically? Read on to find out! To get to this point, you must first get IN. What Are SAT Score Ranges for Colleges? There are no general SAT scores range for colleges; instead, every school maintains its own SAT scores range as a means to compare applicants' SAT scores. This range represents the middle 50% of SAT scores (usually of incoming students). What do I mean by "middle 50%"? Think of it as being similar to average SAT scores- only instead of a single average, you're given a range of scores consisting of the 25th and 75th percentiles for a particular group of students. A 25th percentile score means that 25% of incoming students scored at or lower than a particular threshold on the SAT, whereas a 75th percentile score indicates that 75% of students scored at or lower than a different (and higher) threshold. For example, here are the current 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores for Yale: Exactly how is this info helpful to you? SAT score ranges tell you how high you must score on the SAT in order to be on par with (and better than) other applicants. In general, a score in the 75th percentile or higher is a safe bet, as this means that your SAT scores will exceed those of most other applicants. You can find SAT score ranges for most schools using our database. Simply search for "[School Name] PrepScholar" or "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT." Here's an example of the page I got when I searched "university of delaware prepscholar sat": Click on either link to get to the PrepScholar page for your school. SAT score ranges will typically appear in a box as so: You can also check out our comprehensive guide to SAT scores for colleges, which contains a list of 100+ schools and their SAT score ranges. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! How to Set an SAT Goal Score: 3-Step Guide In the simplest of terms, you’ll want to get the best SAT score you can get on test day. To do this, you must determine your SAT goal score. A goal score is the score that's most likely to get you into all the schools you're applying to. Follow our three simple steps below to set your own SAT goal score. Step 1: Make a Chart Before jumping headfirst into your SAT score research, make a simple chart of all of the schools you're applying to (excluding any safety schools). You may download our worksheet or create a chart like the one below. Draw two columns for the 25th and 75th percentiles for each of your schools. Here is a sample: School 25th Percentile 75th Percentile University of Washington University of Oregon UCLA UC Santa Barbara Step 2: Look Up SAT Score Info Next, begin looking up SAT score info for each of the schools on your table. Specifically, you’ll want to look up the middle 50% (i.e., the 25th and 75th percentiles) for each of your schools. To find these ranges, search for "[School Name] PrepScholar" or "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT" on Google. Most schools should be in our database, but if you can't find yours, you may instead search for "[School Name] average SAT scores" or "[School Name] 25th 75th percentile SAT" and look for relevant links to the school's official website. Here is an example of the PrepScholar page for the University of Washington: Now, here is our chart again, with all the schools' 25th and 75th percentiles filled out: School 25th Percentile 75th Percentile University of Washington 1190 1420 University of Oregon 1080 1270 UCLA 1240 1490 UC Santa Barbara 1270 1500 If at any point you get tired, just take an ice cream break. Step 3: Calculate Your SAT Goal Score The last step is to find your goal score. The highest score in your chart (in your 75th percentile column) will be your target SAT score. This score is the most likely to get you into all the schools in your chart. In our example above, this score would be 1500 for UC Santa Barbara. But what about your goal scores for each section? To get your individual EBRW and Math goal scores, divide your total goal score by 2. So a goal score of 1420 means that you'd have to aim for around 710 on both sections (assuming you're trying to get about the same score on each). If you’re applying to engineering programs or other field-specific schools, you'll want to aim for a slightly higher score on the SAT section more relevant to your particular major. For example, aspiring engineers applying to MIT should focus more on trying to achieve an extremely high Math score instead of a super high EBRW score. Takeaways: What to Know About the SAT Score Range The total SAT score range for the SAT is 400-1600 in 10-point increments. This score comprises two sections: EBRW and Math, whose score ranges are each 200-800. EBRW can be further divided into Reading and Writing, which each use a scale of 10-40. The optional Essay consists of three separate scores on scales of 2-8. There are also subscores and cross-test scores, which use smaller scales of 1-15 and 10-40, respectively. The old SAT differed greatly in its score scale. Before 2016, the SAT score range was 600-2400 in 10-point increments, and the exam had three sections (Critical Reading, Math, and Writing), each of which used a scale of 200-800. On the current SAT score range, a score of around 1000 (the midway point of the score range) is the average SAT score. (The actual average is 1068 for all 11th and 12th graders.) In terms of score ranges for colleges, each school has its own SAT score range, or middle 50%, to show the average range of SAT scores for incoming students. The lower SAT score in this range is the 25th percentile, while the higher score is the 75th percentile. Finally, follow these steps to find your SAT goal score: #1: Make a chart with your schools' names and their 25th and 75th SAT percentiles. #2: Look up SAT score info for your schools. You can use our own SAT database or official school websites. Record the 25th and 75th percentile for each school in your chart. #3: Find the highest 75th percentile score in your chart- this will be your target score. Aiming for this SAT score will increase your chance of gaining admission to all the schools in your chart. Now, get out there and ace the SAT. Remember- you got this! What’s Next? Want more info on SAT scores? Check out our in-depth guides to learn how the SAT is scored and what constitutes a great, a good, and a poor SAT score. Gearing up for college applications? In our article on the SAT scores you'll need for college, we've gathered the average SAT scores for dozens of popular schools, both private and public. Aiming for a perfect SAT score? It's not impossible, I promise! For step-by-step tips, take a look at our comprehensive guide to getting a full 1600- written entirely by a perfect scorer. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Are non-executive directors capable of fulfilling the role given to Essay

Are non-executive directors capable of fulfilling the role given to them in the UK Corporate Governance Code - Essay Example On executive directors do not give the same continuous attention to the business of the day of a company but should however show similar commitment as the executive directors (Council, 2010). The functions of the executive directors are well spelt out as they are aimed at providing an independent view about the company which differs from the day to day insights and activities. As part of the board of a specific company non executive directors should manage to bring: independence in their view of how the operations are run in the company, impartiality, wide experience in the activities a company undertakes and personal qualities that will add positive value in the company. The key responsibilities of non executive directors generally depend on the direction of the company and therefore the board seeks their opinion on issues such as: strategic direction-as an outsider they are considered to have a better objective view of the issues affecting the company than executives .In strategy formation they are constructive critics who provide a creative and informed contribution in managerial decisions. Monitoring of the performance of key executives is also an essential role they undertake and therefore address concerns as they arise. They are take part in auditor ensure the accounts are properly put in place. As non executives they should be able to ask any questions of any financial structures that have been put forward by the management (Council, 2010). The governance code of the UK which is related to corporate is a set of standards of good practice in relation to board of director’s leadership and effectiveness, remuneration, degree of accountability and its relations to the shareholders. The UK corporate governance code is divided into main principles and supporting principles that help in advancing its provisions. Leadership is

Web-based HR Company Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Web-based HR Company Analysis - Essay Example The role of human resource management has therefore changed significantly, evolving from the traditional administrative task of predominantly payroll regulation and support to a more strategic role in a company’s administration. Some of the emerging new roles include occupation development, travel administration, production scheduling. Many companies have recognized that enhanced staff morale not only generates agreeable employee relations but also translates to higher productivity to the company. The establishment of a web-based human resources strategy has proven to be an effective way of solving many of the contemporary employee problems which have habitually plagued the employee relations between the employer and staff leading to low productivity levels especially in large firms that have complex staff problems. According to Richard Hubbard a director at Watson Wyatts Worldwide, a leading global consulting firm as, â€Å"compensation and benefits continue to become more c omplicated at most companies †¦the variety of health plan choices and the number of changes in the pension arena, employees constantly hunger for more information. As a result, there’s a growing demand to put data at employees’ fingertips through Web-based tools.† (Watson-Wyatts, 1). Hawking and Stein (2003) however argue that although there has been a lot of emphasis on business to business (B2B) and business to customer (B2C) planning, there has been minimal development on the potential of business to employee (B2E).

Internationalization strategy and activities of Bentley in China Dissertation

Internationalization strategy and activities of Bentley in China - Dissertation Example Recently, there is a significant change in the Chinese governments’ treatment on foreign investors. In case Bentley Motors would eventually decide to expand its production line in Western China, this study highly recommends that the company should enter into joint venture agreement with a local partner. Table of Contents Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... 3 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Purpose of the Research Study ...................................................................... 6 1.2 Background of the Title Selection ................................................................ 6 1.3 Scope and Limitations ......................... .......................................................... ... .................. 10 2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Socio-Economic Background of China ........................................................ 11 2.2 Automobile Industry Analysis in China ....................................................... 13 2.2.1 Market Structure ........................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Porter’s Five Forces Model Analysis ......................................... 15 2.2.2.1 Rivalry among Existing Firms .............................. 15 2.2.2.2 Potential Threats of New Entrants ........................ 16 2.2.2.3 Threats for Product Substitution ........................... 16 2.2.2.4 Bargaining Power of Suppliers ............................. 16 2.2.2.5 Bargaining Power of Buyers ................................. 17 2.2.3 PESTLE Analysis ....................................................................... 17 2 .2.3.1 Political Issues ....................................................... 17 2.2.3.2 Economic Issues .................................................... 18 2.2.3.3 Social Issues .......................................................... 19 2.2.3.4 Technological Issues ............................................. 19 2.2.3.5 Legal Issues ........................................................... 20 2.2.3.6 Environmental Issues ............................................. 20 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Entering the Market of China ............... 20 2.4 Marketing Channel Management of Bentley Motors .................................. 21 2.4.1 STP Model Analysis .................................................................. 21 2.4.1.1 Segmentation

Is emancipation and how can it be used to explain security Essay

Is emancipation and how can it be used to explain security problematics - Essay Example A number of components such as trans-national capitalism, liberal democracy and international organizations have affected international security in positive and in some cases negative ways. Krause & Williams (1997, p. 49) states ‘The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also necessitate an epistemological shift in the way security is to be understood and studied.’ In the last decade or so, there have been various events which have threatened international security, some of them being weapons proliferation, advancements in military technology and ethnic conflict in a number of nations. Additionally, cases of human rights violation, gender inequalities and environmental as well as economic security have been on the increase in the present era. This has necessitated a new type of security framework as well as management, which can successfully handle the modern security concerns worldwide. This is also an era where terrorism activities have skyrocketed. Among the economists and scholars, there is an ongoing debate whether strategic studies should be modified and improved or whether security studies should be augmented. It’s however been agreed by most scholars, that strategic studies should serve a limited purpose and should be seen in the broader context of security studies. Recently, a number of European schools have integrated security studies, and theories from some of these schools have created a major impact in the field of international relations or IR. Krause & Williams (1997, p. 231) states ‘In the West, security was inseparable from the need to secure the space of Western Europe, the securing of a feminine object by a masculine subject, the United States.’ Unlike the security studies originating in American soil, the European schools have put forward breakthrough ideas and incisive analysis which has created a

Public Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Finance - Essay Example It would also include government’s initiative and legal foundations established for such programs. The second part would be dealing with the effect of such welfare payments and programs on the labour supply decisions, and the last part would consist of the economic theory for explaining the effect of labour supply incentive of these social welfare programs, which is designed for the low income household. Empirical evidence would be also included to support such viewpoints. In order to understand the concepts of welfare payments and its relation to labour supply, firstly one needs to understand the concepts of welfare economics. Welfare economics utilises the perspectives and procedure of microeconomics, but the concepts can be exploited to derive macroeconomics assumptions. It assists in analysing and measuring social welfare, in terms of the economic society. The concept of welfare economics lays down welfare improvement framework in term of Pareto efficiency. The two convent ional approaches in welfare economics are: a) The New Welfare Economics Approach, and b) The Neoclassical Approach. Neoclassical approach was formulated by Marshall, Edgeworth, Pigou and Sidgwick. This theory assumes that utility is a scalable measure by judgement or observation. The preferences are stable and the additional consumption would increase the utility successively. This concept is also known as diminishing marginal utility. However, the new welfare economic theory is based on the studies of Parato, Kaldor and Hicks. This theory specifically explains the difference between the efficiency aspect and the distribution aspect of a discipline. The criteria of efficiency are treated with Parato’s efficiency and the compensation tests of Hicks-Kaldor. The concepts of welfare economics would be included in the study to understand the concepts of social welfare. Let us understand it with the help of utility function, which can also be derived from points on the contact curv e. So abundant utility functions can be derived from the production possibility curve, stated in figure 1. Figure 1 Figure 1 is a combined graph which would explain the efficiency between consumption and production and also include the ingredients of maximising social welfare. Each point on the curve represents the allocation of efficiency of the economic resources. It is Pareto optimum in the factor allocation, in consumption, in the interaction and in production. The curve MN represents a social utility frontier curve. Point D on the MN curve corresponds to Point C. Point D lies on the social utility frontier, as the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of C is equal to the MRS of A. Similarly Point B corresponds to point E and both of them lie within the social utility frontier, which signifies inefficiency. This is because the MRS at C is not equal to Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) at point A. Although this was Pareto’s way of presenting the points of efficiency, bu t there is one point where the social welfare has maximized and that point can also be called as the point of bliss. This point is Z, where the MN curve is tangent to the highest possible indifference curve. After discussing welfare economics through graphical representation, the basic concepts of providing welfare payments to the low income households, would be studied. The term welfare is used to denote minimum level of social support and wellbeing for all

The ticking time bomb Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The ticking time bomb - Term Paper Example The human race is a distinct species; this is with regards to envisaging its future actions. As such, it will be engaging in conjectures without content if this paper states that good will always persist. With the aim of producing an unbiased paper, these baseless conceptions shall not be propagated within the confines of this paper. In some situations, it is requisite to entertain evil deeds for the benefit of the greater good. This entails willfully inflicting pain on certain individuals, terrorism suspects, so as to maintain peace and harmony of the greater society. However, a problem arises when an attempt is made on what greater good justifies the use of evil or bad deeds on a fellow human being. One such deed is the use of torture on fellow human beings so as to benefit the greater human race. This paper endeavors to expound on whether torture can be justified in situations exemplified by a ticking time bomb. A variety of literal works have been put forward that embark on eithe r support or oppose the notion that torture can in some situations be justified. This paper will analyze the understandings of one proponent of torture, Professor Alan Dershowitz. Additionally, the conclusions of the Landau commission will also be explicated. Analysis In Professor Alan Dershowitz’s article in the Darmer text, he goes to great lengths to expound on why terrorism has been successful thus far (Darmer et al, p. 188-89) .He proceeds to give remedies to this escalating situation. However, he insists that there be a well defined line between matters regarding national security and civil liberties. The relevant authorities should no be so preoccupied by their desire to maintain national security to the extent that they impinge on the civil liberties of the suspected terrorist. Professor Dershowitz explicates on the vitality of torture with regards to sustenance of the human race, more precisely, the society. He contends that the society, in regards to terrorism, cann ot be expected to have its cake and eat it too. In between the lines, Dershowitz raises an assortment of questions, both in the legal and moral context, as to how effective the society will be able to deter random acts of terrorism while, still judiciously perpetuating essential values relating to both the liberty and privacy of man (Darmer et al, p. 192-94). Professor Dershowitz is of the opinion that the route adopted by the police, in combating perpetrators of terrorism is inappropriate. This is because these individuals are most often rational thinkers who engage in these heinous acts so as to draw attention towards them. Therefore, the police are basically aiding them to achieve their life’s goals.Per se, a different itinerary should be espoused by the police if terrorism is to be effectively combated. In this context, professor Dershowitz is offering the understanding that punishing these perpetrators will ultimately deter a significant number of terrorism events. As su ch, this provides an alternative action to be employed in similar situations, as it also upholds the civil liberties of all persons; as should be the case in every democratic society. This juncture culminates into one of the most controversial proposals attributed to Dershowitz. This is the use of torture that has been judicially sanctioned. However, he substantiates the specific instances that this mechanism can be employed on a suspect. He gives a caution that torture is not an act that is applied to just any suspect, but rather on a

Public Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Finance - Essay Example It would also include government’s initiative and legal foundations established for such programs. The second part would be dealing with the effect of such welfare payments and programs on the labour supply decisions, and the last part would consist of the economic theory for explaining the effect of labour supply incentive of these social welfare programs, which is designed for the low income household. Empirical evidence would be also included to support such viewpoints. In order to understand the concepts of welfare payments and its relation to labour supply, firstly one needs to understand the concepts of welfare economics. Welfare economics utilises the perspectives and procedure of microeconomics, but the concepts can be exploited to derive macroeconomics assumptions. It assists in analysing and measuring social welfare, in terms of the economic society. The concept of welfare economics lays down welfare improvement framework in term of Pareto efficiency. The two convent ional approaches in welfare economics are: a) The New Welfare Economics Approach, and b) The Neoclassical Approach. Neoclassical approach was formulated by Marshall, Edgeworth, Pigou and Sidgwick. This theory assumes that utility is a scalable measure by judgement or observation. The preferences are stable and the additional consumption would increase the utility successively. This concept is also known as diminishing marginal utility. However, the new welfare economic theory is based on the studies of Parato, Kaldor and Hicks. This theory specifically explains the difference between the efficiency aspect and the distribution aspect of a discipline. The criteria of efficiency are treated with Parato’s efficiency and the compensation tests of Hicks-Kaldor. The concepts of welfare economics would be included in the study to understand the concepts of social welfare. Let us understand it with the help of utility function, which can also be derived from points on the contact curv e. So abundant utility functions can be derived from the production possibility curve, stated in figure 1. Figure 1 Figure 1 is a combined graph which would explain the efficiency between consumption and production and also include the ingredients of maximising social welfare. Each point on the curve represents the allocation of efficiency of the economic resources. It is Pareto optimum in the factor allocation, in consumption, in the interaction and in production. The curve MN represents a social utility frontier curve. Point D on the MN curve corresponds to Point C. Point D lies on the social utility frontier, as the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of C is equal to the MRS of A. Similarly Point B corresponds to point E and both of them lie within the social utility frontier, which signifies inefficiency. This is because the MRS at C is not equal to Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) at point A. Although this was Pareto’s way of presenting the points of efficiency, bu t there is one point where the social welfare has maximized and that point can also be called as the point of bliss. This point is Z, where the MN curve is tangent to the highest possible indifference curve. After discussing welfare economics through graphical representation, the basic concepts of providing welfare payments to the low income households, would be studied. The term welfare is used to denote minimum level of social support and wellbeing for all

International Studies(History) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Studies(History) - Essay Example The migration of technology and cultures can be represented by the Semites, Indo-Europeans, and Chinese. While there is mingling of cultures, agricultural advancement also takes place in isolation. Still, there is widespread and diverse opinion about the roots of the revolution and the spark that ignited this great change. The fragmented historical record reveals that the Neolithic Revolution was propelled by the confluence of a number of positive feedback loops. Positive feedback loops in nature dictate that a small change instigates another force, which magnifies the original change. It is often debated whether the population expansion dictated more agricultural production, or if the increase in the availability of food resulted in more people. Prior to the Neolithic period, man domesticated dogs, presumably for the purpose of hunting (McNeill, 1963, p.8). This would be followed by the domestication of the "cow, sheep, goat, pig, and horse" (Diamond, 1999, p.159). In each case the animal served a purpose, such as transportation, packing cargo, or as a source of food. However, the keeping of animals also allowed the tribe to become less nomadic and more sedentary in their lifestyle, and demand that the tribe cultivate its plant food sources. As the animals provided work and food, the need to feed them would necessitate agricultural techniques that would form a positive feedback loop to increase the available food supply and expand the popul ation. As tribes began to settle in one area, the production of food became the paramount concern. Large draft animals made the plow and large-scale tillage possible by 4000 BC (Diamond, 1999, p.89). These improvements would allow the formation of villages and permanent residences occupied year around. Plant breeding and selection for the best producing crops could take place. This would allow a larger population and would make long-range expeditions more likely as they would be able to

Wolf- Moose Study Essay Example for Free

Wolf- Moose Study Essay The point of this long running survey is study the effects of the climate and nature upon the wolf packs and moose of Isle Royale National Park, located in Lake Superior in Michigan. Professor Rolf Peterson of Michigan State University has been conducting this study and has found that by dealing with a basically unpopulated island that it is nearly ideal conditions to analyze the population status of both the moose and wolf population. It is a predator-prey study. The given scenario would be that if all of the wolf packs died off and they were not replaced, what would happen to the moose population? Would it grow too quickly where the island could not support them and would it face a natural decline? It would be best to intervene and replace the wolf packs because it would maintain the natural balance of things. The survey showed that the moose are controlled by the effects of food supply, weather and natural pestilence but though the article states that the island has had very mild winters for the last few years and that creates some ideal situations for increased population among the moose, there is also the factor of an increase in ticks which if left unstopped that they can kill off the moose from blood loss. Yet, without the moose’s natural predator, the wolves, the moose could continue to increase and over populate and therefore, cause death of starvation or other diseases. The island would not be capable of supporting the rising numbers of moose. The island now has three wolf packs that number up to twenty-nine (Peterson 1) but it really would not take that many in order to control the moose population. As wolves are pack animals and the only way that they can successfully hunt and kill a large moose is as a pack, then it would have to be at least two fair sized packs of six to seven members. Works Cited/Reference Peterson, Rolf, This Years Moose-Wolf Study Report: 2004, http://www. msu. edu/user/kilpela/wolf. htm

Albert Einstein Essay -- Biography Biographies

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is believed to be the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He developed many theories that led to many breakthroughs. With his well-known famous look, the white messy hair and the absent-minded look on his face, he was the perfect example of the typical scientist. Einstein became internationally renowned as a leading scientific thinker and as an accomplished mathematician. His contributions to science have left a lasting impression throughout the universe. Albert Einstein was a highly intelligent man who earned many honors and accomplishments. Born into a Jewish family at Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879, Einstein spent his youth in Munich, where his father, Hermann and his uncle, Jacob Einstein, owned a small shop that manufactured electric machinery. His mother encouraged him to study music, but it was his Uncle Jacob who inspired his fascination for mathematics. As a youth, he showed a brilliant ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. In 1895, Einstein failed an exam that would have allowed him to study for a diploma as an electrical engineer in Zurich. Following the failing of the entrance exam, Einstein attended secondary school at Aarau and planned to use this route to enter the school in Zurich. In 1900, he succeeded with his plan graduating as a teacher of mathematics and physics. For two years Einstein worked as a tutor and substitute teacher. In 1902, he secured a position as an examiner in the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Einstein married Mileva Maric in 1903, a classmate of his, and they had two so ns named Hans Albert and Edward. However, the outbreak of World War I made him separated from his family and him and his wife divorced in 1919. Einstein late... ...arted preparing for death by drawing up his will in 1950. One week before his death, Einstein signed his last letter. It was a letter in which he agreed that his name should go on a manifest urging all nations to give up nuclear weapons. Albert Einstein died during his sleep April 18, 1955 in Princeton after many years of bad health. "Albert Einstein ranks with Galileo and Newton as one of the great conceptual revisers of our understanding of the universe," Jonas Maxe. All of his life Albert Einstein devoted himself to the world not only with his scientific accomplishments, but his political and social causes as well. It is amazing that the one person who gave us the conceptual understanding of the universe made his last act before death a plea for international peace. Albert Einstein contributed to the world lasting meaning and will always be remembered by that.

Characters with The Miserable Life in Les Miserable Essay examples --

Les Miserable Have you ever known a person whose life was very miserable? Maybe you have. In the novel Les Miserable many of the characters show a miserable life due to circumstances that happened in their past. These characters are like put into a ring of fire in which every event that happens in Les Miserable. These characters are Eponine, Jean Valjean, Cossette, Gavrouche, Marius,and Fantine. other characters such as Thernardier are characters who are the antagonist of the story who do robbery and many other bad deeds throughout the whole story. These characters have exemplified a miserable life due to circumstances that had happened in their past lives. Courage, bravery, and patience are what many of the characters show throughout the story. One character that explefied a miserable life was Eponine. Eponine was born in an evil family called the Thernardiers'. She had to work very hard and was fed very little food. It was cold and her parents led her to the wrong road in life. As she grew up she involved with her parents in robbing and thievery. She was in the wrong path to destruction. When Marius came into her life everything changed. Through Marius’s love and redemption she had changed, but when she found out that Marius loved Cossette the miserable life came back again to her. She helped Marius find Cossette. She loved Marius a lot but ... ...ity, but they also take every opportunity to make her circumstances even more desperate. Fantine was a women who was a honest and hard working women. Many people such as Thernardier deceived because she was not smart and was to easy to take advantage of. She suffered a lot and in the end died of shock and depression. Many of these characters such as Fantine and those others talked about in Les Miserable are all portrayed as miserable people. This does not mean that these characters have misery in their life, it means that their life has problems due to circumstances such as Fantine who was being deceived by people which caused problems in her life. One important message that Les Miserable displays is that love is one of the most precious items that Is given to another person.

Does Coriolanus make mistakes or errors in judgement that lead to his downfall? Essay

Does Coriolanus make mistakes or errors in judgement that lead to his downfall? If so, what are they and how did they lead to his downfall? The play Coriolanus concerns the downfall and eventual death of a Roman general turned politician, Cauis Martius (later given the name Coriolanus after conquering the city of Corioles). Equipped with the traits of a brave soldier, a short temper and arrogance, these characteristics aid in his downfall which was also aided by several other factors. Whether it be a mistake or an error in judgement on Coriolanus’s side, it is the result of either one which causes trouble for him. After announcing that he is reluctantly joining the senate, his mistakes and errors in judgement along with the rest of him would be publicly scrutinised, questioned and judged before the public. He lost the advantage of making mistakes and errors in judgement in the course of war where they would most probably end in his own death or personal injury. Additionally they would be looked at as victory scars or and as a mark of heroism rather than a result of a foolish and rash decision.It comes down to the fact that he would not have to answer for his mistakes in war as opposed to his mistakes against the plebeians who are not particularly fond of him. Coriolanus, though he is brave, ferocious and strategic in the context of war where the consequences of miscarried and miscalculated actions do not bring great effect, he is helplessly out of his element when his mother Volumnia coerces him into politics. ‘I have lived to see inherited my very wishes†¦. only there’s one thing wanting,†¦.but which our Rome will cast upon thee.’. Running for consulship was clearly a mistake, because firstly, he has no desire for it, ‘Though he obeys his mother’s wishes and dons the gown of humility. It is clear through his thinly veiled contempt for the people he is unsuited as he regards them as ‘hares, geese’, unworthy animals. Wholly unsuited for a career in politics due to his arrogance, brutal honesty, tactless manner and moreover his inability to conceal his true self and to pretend to care for the well being of the plebeians, Coriolanus himself said so, ‘Would you have me false to my nature, Rather say I play the man I am,’ Though he stands for himself, his own idea backfired and it resulted in his banishment. To call Coriolanus obeying his mothers orders a mistake would be inaccurate as he is predisposed and psychologically unable to refuse her demands. It is fair to say that Coriolanus relentlessly seeking for her approbation aids in his downfall. Going against his wishes to satisfy her wish for him to fight for his place in the consul by humiliating himself further; apologising to the plebeians. She, (Volumnia) says to Coriolanus, ‘To beg of thee is more my dishonour than thou of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. She gives up and plays the role of the disappointed mother and Coriolanus caves in. ‘Prithee mother, pray be content†¦ chide me no more†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Though he would certainly be aware that listening to his mother was a mistake if her were not so dependent on her approbations and love. Though not a clear cut mistake, it certainly aided in his downfall. Coriolanus certainly obtains some time away from the influences of people when he is banished. He arrives at Antium, where he is prepared to die at Aufidius hands for all the harm he has done, ‘If he slay me, He does fair justice†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Though he goes on to say, ‘if he give me way, I’ll do his country service.’ he switches his allegiances to Aufidius. This was an independent decision where he was influenced by his country’s hatred for him and it lead him to serve another country whose wish is to destroy his home. This portrays Coriolanus as a vengeful, hateful and hyper aggressive as his first task is to seek revenge by destroying Rome, the city who did not fully appreciate their hero. This is not entirely a mistake as he would have gone through with his plan if not for him obeying and pleasing his mothers wishes which often carry dangerous consequences. This was more of an error in judgment as he depended on his dejection, rejection and anger to govern his decision to join Aufidius in order to be against Rome. He fails to see his tether to Rome; his family and to a certain degree, his father figure, Menenius. At their profuse begging for mercy upon Rome he complies but at the cost of his life. The fatal ending of his life stems from his being independent in deciding to fight Rome but his tether to it prevent him from his plan of joining Aufidius and being a great soldier. It also leads him to a death as a traitor at the hands of his jealous ally who was playing second fiddle to Coriolanus. It further reminds Aufidius of his losing to Coriolanus and this has placed him in the line between ally and enemy, one of his officers even say, ‘And you darkened in this action sir. Even by your own;’ By being the great soldier he is he has subtly wounded the ego of his ally who is second to him as a soldier and a leader. He was unaware of Aufidius’s wounded pride after beating him in battle, 5 times. The signing of the peace treaty with Rome pushed him into being a traitor in Aufidius eyes and those of Antium. After a heated verbal confrontation between Coriolanus, Aufidius and his conspirators, Coriolanus is killed. It is fair to say that Coriolanus’s actions affect the most influential people in his life, and events. His being a good obedient son to a domineering, persuasive mother lead him to the event that highlights his flaws as his primary characteristics; the event being running for consulship. His inability and refusal to veil his hatred for the plebeians who are so easily influenced lead to his banishment. In the end, in him ‘playing the man am I am’ a great soldier, prompted envious and jealous feelings in his ally who later did not need much to kill him. Coriolanus’s mistakes and errors in judgment were all leading to his eventual death due to him being governed by negative people, like his mother. Also negative emotions; his arrogance, and pride which refused and was unable to control due to his nature of seeking pleasure in violence, anger and was in full accordance of his warped upbringing by his war-hungry mother who has only projected maternal sense.

Introduction to Business Law

Mary’s Discount Public Relations Company has recently hired you as a PR consultant. Mary knows you have studied business law and asks your advice on the following: Mary operates an information service known as â€Å"Mary’s PR Notes â€Å" which she emails to clients who subscribe to her service. Mary’s PR Notes provides subscribers with abstracts of articles on public relations. The articles come from a variety of newspapers and magazines. The abstract includes the headline of the article (unaltered) and a short summary of the article’s content written by one of Mary’s employees. Recently the editor of â€Å"Puffery 4U† contacted Mary complaining that Mary’s service is using his material. The editor was particularly concerned about how Mary uses the headlines from his articles. Advise Mary * Describe and discuss the nature of the issue and the legal implications * Identify the relevant area of the law referring to cases and statutes * Apply legal principles to the problem or issue using the relevant law to argue the case * Include a literature review of the problem including relevant legal citations Throughout this essay the topic of Mary’s Discount Public Relations Company and Mary’s PR Notes will be discussed and analyzed as to why Mary’s company may have breached some levels of copyright. Mary needs to be advised on what she may be doing wrong and how she can overcome these issues in her current situation regarding â€Å"Puffery 4U† and their complaints of how Mary is using their material and also other complications she may face in the future. Mary’s public relations company offers an information service titled â€Å"Mary’s PR Notes† which she emails to clients who subscribe to her service. The emails provide subscribers with abstracts if articles on public relations which come from a variety of newspapers and magazines. The abstracts include the headline of the article, which is unaltered in any way, and a short summary of the article’s content, which is then written by one of Mary’s employees. Recently the editor of â€Å"Puffery 4U† contacted Mary and is complaining that Mary’s service is using his material and breaching copyright. The editor is particularly concerned about how Mary uses the headlines from his articles. Copyright is a type of property that is founded on a person's creative skill and labour. It is designed to prevent the unauthorised use by others of a work, that is, the original form in which an idea or information has been expressed by the creator. Copyright is not a tangible thing. It is made up of a bundle of exclusive economic rights to do certain acts with an original work or other copyright subject-matter. These rights include the right to copy, publish, communicate and publicly perform the copyright material. Mary’s situation with â€Å"Puffery 4U† may come under the subject of copyright infringement (Copyright Act 1968 Sect 36) where someone reproduces in material form the whole or part of a work without the consent of the owner. Examples include when a work is published, reproduced or performed in public without the copyright owner's permission. This general rule is subject to a number of specific exceptions in the Copyright Act. Although Mary or Mary’s employees haven’t changed the title of Puffery 4U’s articles or other articles referred to, they have however made their own summary of the articles which may twist the viewer’s perception on what the subject of the articles may be about. Even though the summaries may still be completely relevant to the articles and no bad intentions are being made, Mary’s company is still reproducing the articles or parts of them without the consent of the owners of the original material. It is possible however that in Mary’s case her business may be able to be let off with fair dealing. This is where the material is an article in a periodical then reproducing the whole or part of the article may be fair dealing for research, study, criticism or review by an individual. The Copyright Act provides that copying a reasonable portion of a work for the purposes of research or study, criticism or review, news reporting or parody and satire will be a fair dealing. As only a small part of the articles are being reproduced, Mary’s case may be an exception to the copyright law and no legal action will be taken but this is still not a guaranteed outcome so other measures should to taken into account. If Mary wishes to avoid legal action being taken out on her company then she can take several different measures. First she must seek permission from the owner of whom she wishes to take abstracts and articles from before using and altering them to make sure they won’t have an issue with Mary using documents. Secondly, if she clearly states in her emails she sends out where the original text is from and that the summary written in fact by Mary’s company and not the original publisher then the owner of that text will possibly have less of an issue with the company breaching copyright infringement. Thirdly, if Mary made connections with the sources she pulls the articles from she could send her summaries to them for them to approve first and then once she has the approval she can be free to send out her emails with their articles in them. If a copyright has been infringed, the owner may sue the infringer in federal court, seeking an injunction against future violations of the copyrights. The owner may recover actual damages, which are losses plus the infringer’s profits from use of the copyrighted work. Or, any time before a court issues a final judgment, the owner can elect to receive a set amount in damages as defined in the copyright statute, in lieu of actual damages. The amount of statutory damages can range from $200 to $150,000, based on a court’s determination of several factors, including whether the infringement was intentional. On 1 January 2007, a range of copyright enforcement measures started as a result of the Copyright Amendment Act 2006. These include the creation of a tiered system of copyright criminal offences incorporating indictable, summary and strict liability offences. The strict liability offences do not contain fault elements and attract maximum penalties of 60 penalty units ($6,600). These offences are supported by a copyright infringement notice scheme provided for under the Copyright Regulations 1969. An infringement notice penalty is 12 penalty units ($1,320). The introduction to this scheme was created and designed to deal specifically with lower-level copyright crime such as first time offenders, street stall or market operators. Under this scheme, an offender issued with an infringement notice by a law enforcement officer will have the option of paying a fine or risking the possibility of prosecution in court. In addition to paying a fine, some offences will also require the offender to forfeit copyright material and/or related devices in order to avoid prosecution. In 2001, the TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd v Network Ten Ltd (‘Panel Case') was a case with claims that commercial broadcaster Network Ten infringed copyright in Channel Nine broadcasts when re-broadcasting extracts of Nine's program ‘The Panel' over the period from 10 August 1999 to 28 June 2000. ‘The Panel’ is a talk show comprised of a regular panel and guest panelists who discuss recent events and current issues, using television footage from a variety of sources as a basis for humorous comment and critical discussion. The claim of copyright infringement related to 20 excerpts of Nine footage, ranging in length from eight seconds to 42 seconds. The excerpts were from a variety of programs including The Today Show, Who Wants to be a Millionaire, Days of Our Lives and Sale of the New Century. Nine claimed that Ten’s re-broadcasting of excerpts of its programs constituted an infringement of its copyright in the television broadcast as provided for in s 87(c) of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (the Act). Nine also claimed that Ten had breached s 87(a) of the Act by making a cinematograph film of the programs or a copy of such films, but this latter claim has not yet been determined. This judgment relates only to Nine’s claim in relation to s 87(c) of the Act. On 11 April 2003 the High Court granted Network Ten leave to appeal against the decision of the Full Court of the Federal Court and in September 2003 heard arguments on the operation of ss 14, 25(4) and s 87 of the Copyright Act 1968 regarding the claimed infringement. The ruling from the Federal Court was announced as fair dealing in broadcast television. This case is similar to Mary’s situation as Network 10 was only re-broadcasting small extracts of ‘The Panel’ and did not have the intention of bad mouthing Channel Nine or putting them in a negative spotlight. It is possible to argue and win Mary’s case depending on the extent to whether how relevant her summaries are to the original text of the articles she is using in her emails and if she is trying to persuade people to not read them. The case may end up being ruled as fair dealing if the following situation were to occur. It would be wise for Mary to act on this current situation as soon as possible as â€Å"Puffery 4U† may not be the only people concerned with the way Mary is using their articles. She may see herself facing multiple lawsuits, which could create a bad reputation for not only her company but for herself as well. Although Mary and her employees may think they aren’t doing any harm and are actually advertising other peoples work to a wider audience, authors of the articles may perceive this situation different and just want to claim work as their own. If â€Å"Puffery 4U† were to take legal action upon Mary this would cause implications for her not only in the short term but long term as well. She may face multiple fines from the magazine and newspaper companies she has been collecting articles from which would affect her financially and it would also give Mary a bad name and affect her future business dealings. Bibliography http://www.rcfp.org/handbook/index.php?pg=10-1 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/

Leonard Bernstein Impact

Michelle Walk Music 174 Impact presentation â€Å"Music can name the unnamable and communicate the unknowable. † Leonard Bernstein Leonard Bernstein was born August 25, 1918. Now usually, one would not look for a birth date, rather death. This is treasured because, what is truly important is not only ones life; but also and especially, our founders of music and arts. His death date was October 14, 1990. This presents us with the ideal window of what he achieved during his life span. But, for all the years that Bernstein was in profession, no span of time could successfully capture just how much he has contributed to music as a society and art.Bernstein was a proud graduate of Harvard in 1939 (with prior knowledge in two other institutes of learning), landing him a job just a short year later. Coincidentally, his first career landed him as assistant conductor in the New York Philharmonic in 1940. He had the opportunity to substitute an ill Bruno Walter at Carnegie Hall; which h e vicariously accepted, producing instant critical praises. Soon after, various musicians worldwide were pleading him to be a guest conductor at their performances. One in his era may also recognize (following his jumpstarted career) his first successful large scale piece as: Symphony No. Jeremiah (in just 1943). Being the New York Philharmonic conductor remains one of his most important contributions to music. One of the most vital periods in his career was 1958-1969 where he produced over 300 out of 400 or more lifetime pieces, in just 11 years. Specifically, the young people’s concerts with the New York philharmonic was a televised show that ran for 11 seasons. He inspired the fledgling generations to procure music in their everyday lives with a passion, and also presented audiences to live music programs.He led this into the Philharmonic’s center stage for works, and focused on a strong educational mission to blend with the music. In addition, he produced and perfo rmed more concerts with the NY Philharmonic than any conductor before himself. Bernstein also had the great opportunity to direct at the premiere of the Philharmonic Hall, which is now Avery Fisher hall in the Lincoln Center in NY! Two very large musical compositions of Bernstein’s were: he directed all the music for the original play â€Å"west side story† and â€Å"Candide†. These 1900-American-Opera creations introduced a new idea to scriptwriters.It combined (what is referred to as) opera and jazz swings to create this new notion. Through the music and its sole style, it revealed character and social consciousness. Both received critical acclaim and many other plays of his were turned to famous films. Many of his concepts were rooted in his (returnings) to his previous places of study. This includes but is not limited to returning to teach classes and lectures. He did this a lot at Tanglewood, MA. Even throughout all his praise and review, he remained a virt uous man through his travels.Bernstein was the first American in Milan to conduct an opera. Not only was he appraised by his co-workers, yet he was friends with many of his musical rivals, and best friends with Aaron Copland. Also, he was one of the leading advocates of American composers, such as lifelong friend Copland. Various opportunities such as these helped him to receive his life title of Laureate Conductor. He also received an international prize in 1990 which he used all the money to fund Bernstein Education through Arts, a school for the passionate young student.Several Philharmonics in the world still hold a Beethoven/Bernstein festival in such conductor’s honors. In 1985, the National Academy of Recreational Arts and Sciences rewarded him for lifetime achievement. Many viewers absolutely adored Bernstein through this aspect, as well the fact that he engaged almost all of his audiences in his performances. Daughter of Bernstein, Jamie Bernstein always had a positi ve comment about her â€Å"Ambitious? †[Yes, she did use the question mark] father. â€Å"In the 1970's, Bernstein [†¦] back into a student again [to prepare Charles Eliot Norton lectures] at Harvard.He immersed himself in Chomskyan linguistics, absorbing an entire new field of knowledge, [†¦] apply the principles of linguistics to music — thereby creating a brand new field of study, and turning himself back into a teacher again in the process. Ambitious? Oh, yes! Was he in over his head? Completely! He was never happier than he was in those 18 months on the Harvard campus, reveling in his dual roles as student and teacher. † What does this mean explicitly? That Bernstein was not only a successful composer and avid musician, but a powerful teacher and enthusiast of the music of his time, and past times as well.In his memory, he can be enthused with 20 Grammy awards on top of his numerous achievements including writing two books, three plays, even appea ring on a postage stamp. But of course what remains important are his 400 or more composed pieces in his days. Sources WORKS CITED: (direct quotation within text and consulted) Bernstein, Jamie. â€Å"Leonard Bernstein: a Born Teacher. † Educator. (2008): n. page. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. ;lt;http://www. leonardbernstein. com/educator. htm;gt;. â€Å"Leonard Bernstein. † BrainyQuote. com. Xplore Inc, 2012. 24 September 2012. http://www. brainyquote. om/quotes/authors/l/leonard_bernstein. html (within title of document) WORKS CONSULTED: Schiff, David. â€Å"Bernstein, Leonard in Oxford Music Online. † Bernstein, Leonard. (2008): n. page. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. ;lt;http://www. oxfordmusiconline. com. ezproxy. uwc. edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/02883? q=leonard bernstein;amp;search=quick;amp;pos=1;amp;_start=1;gt;. Sputnik, Dr. â€Å"Leonard Bernstein. † (2012): n. page. Web. 24 Sep. 2012. ;lt;http://www. nndb. com/people/532/000031439/;gt;. † Leonard Berns tein. † 2012. Biography. com 24 Sep 2012, 10:33 http://www. biography. com/people/leonard-bernstein-9210269

Traditional University Education verses Online Education courses Essay

Traditional University Education verses Online Education courses - Essay Example Online education, which is in the category of distance learning, involves studying via the internet (Amy, 2009). There is minimal face to face interaction because all assignments are posted, done, and submitted online. This education best fits those who would not like to disrupt their professional career or personal life. You can do your assignments while you are in your office or home. Your study schedule is done at your convenience or when time is available. Traditional and online university Education have several elements that they share, however, there are certain elements which sets them apart. When considering an educational system, factors such as credit transfer, interaction, cost and convenience are of great importance. This paper seeks to compare and contrast traditional university education system and online education program. It will compare and contrast the cost, convenience, communication means, and interaction in the two programs. Cost In both systems there is a cost t hat a student must incur. As the world economy grows, the cost of education has always been increasing. However, this factor sets apart the two systems of education. The online education is relatively cheaper than the traditional education system. In the online education system, there is no need for transport funds because you study from home or your office. The textbooks are also available online and you do not need to incur an extra cost of purchasing them. In the traditional universities you need to rent a house or pay for a hostel maybe because of the distance from your place of residence; this is not the case for online education system. A student taking an online course may not need to attend gyms and dining halls. A mother who is breastfeeding will also not require employing a baby sitter if she is attending an online class. These differences make online education system relatively cheaper. Students who are undertaking online education also have access to scholarships, grants , and loans just like their counterparts undertaking traditional education systems. Convenience The flexibility that goes with online university courses makes them more convenient than traditional university programs. Since physical presence is not compulsory you can choose your own time to study your notes or do your assignments. There is no restriction to access of your lecture notes. This module is preferred by those who are working and do not have the time to attend lectures. However, just like the traditional university module, there are deadlines for submission of assignments and without commitment you cannot succeed in this program. The student should exercise discipline and balance his professional and education time. In an online course, you can also choose the period you want to finish your course. This means that you can schedule in more courses so that you can complete your course earlier. In a traditional system, the courses and exams run at a scheduled time and it is h ard to take more courses (Best Online Universities, 2013). Communication In both systems communication between the learner and the instructor is vital. In the traditional education system, there is more face to face communication than online communication. Students meet with their instructors in class, they are taught and can ask questions and be answered. They also meet with fellow students: discuss class work, share views, and ideas and can have group work. In the other system, communication bet